[mdilbaz]

1- ............ that Victoria was a remarkable queen.

A) It was impossible to avoid asking the questions
B) I was introduced to a historian
C) Dr. Robertson has been wondering
D) This is an article on the British Royal Family
E) It is generally agreed

2- Happiness can be measured by ........... .

A) what other people think
B) how people spend their time
C) how much money do we have
D) how many people we love
E) how many disasters we have in our lives

3- I am not very curious about ............ .

A) how I behaved in public
B) what other people do
C) what I think of other people
D) who I'm going to call on
E) where will you go

4- The question is ............. .

A) whether it would be safer to leave them here or in the car
B) who they didn't see anyone in the area
C) why do hardly anyone volunteer to chair the committee
D) whenever he wishes to mention about his private life
E) who will the head of the government appoint to the vacancy

5- .......... who crossed the Atlantic alone in a small sailing craft.

A) That must be the man
B) The news is that
C) I can't believe that anyone
D) I didn't realise how few people
E) Presumably he was lying

6- ........... when I retire next year.

A) I expect Richard will take over as chairman
B) The meeting has been put off
C) Many changes would have taken place
D) I hadn't decided what to say at the party
E) I would be able to send you the price list


7- If I had known you were coming, ........... .

A) I may ask John to join us
B) there is a very good meal waiting for you
C) I would have arranged to stay at home this evening
D) you won't need to take a taxi to the station
E) I ought to have given you my telephone number

8- ........... how they can expect to make any profit at all.

A) We were puzzled
B) They didn't assume
C) I don't see
D) It has already been
E) They had been denied

9- ........... even though she is a lot younger than the rest of us.

A) The girls did better than the boys in the race
B) The flowers we sent her are still looking fresh
C) Whoever said that was mistaken
D) None of us actually saw it happen
E) You should have invited her sister to join us

10- .......... until you have found another job.

A) There are so many unemployed
B) There are a lot of advertisements in the papers
C) Don't tell anyone you are leaving
D) I thought you were perfectly happy working here
E) Nobody else could have advised

11- .......... whose coat was stolen last week?

A) Why were they surprised
B) Do you have their address
C) How unusual is it
D) Isn't that the new librarian
E) Is there any news yet

12- .......... we really ought to leave as soon as possible.

A) Since we shall probably have a long wait at the bus station
B) Since the roads are always busy at this hour
C) Though it is getting very late
D) Until we know which plane they are coming on
E) If there's no need to hurry


13- .........., they had already finished their dinner.

A) When we finally arrived
B) If only we had waited for them
C) Unless she managed to get there on time
D) While you were watching the television
E) Whenever we are invited to their house

14- Since there was no positive evidence against him, .............. .

A) the police have always suspected he is the murderer
B) the witnesses have been completely unsatisfactory
C) the judge had no other choice but to acquit him
D) the verdict had already been given
E) the trial would have been postponed indefinitely


15- Many critics have wondered ............ .

A) although the audience enjoyed the performance immensely
B) because it was a best-seller
C) why his plays have not been more popular
D) so long as the young novelists follow this technique
E) that his novels are so powerful

16- She has always enjoyed working in a bank .......... .

A) as it was so near to her office
B) if only she were better paid
C) that was a childish dream of hers
D) until she married two years ago
E) although the working hours are very long

17- .........., it's important to replace the water you lose through sweating

A) When sales of bottled water had increased
B) Even if you don't feel thirsty after exercising
C) Although more than half the weight of the human body is water
D) Not only do we get some water from the foods we eat
E) Since tap-water is the most reliable source

18- .........., we need to find ways to cope with it.

A) If relaxation was essential for healthy mind and body
B) After we had learned the living conditions
C) Since we cannot remove stress from our lives
D) Whether he has confidence in our plans or not
E) As the disease wasn't cured


19- If only you had consulted the dentist when the trouble began .......... .

A) the pain naturally stops as soon as you arrive for your appointment
B) this tooth could not have been saved
C) you can get his number from the telephone directory
D) you would not be needing all this expensive treatment now
E) I can recommend mine with great confidence

20- Since the poor understand poverty ........... .

A) the offer might have been turned down indefinitely
B) the travellers were overwhelmed by the welcome they received
C) the patients could never have raised so much money on their own
D) the funds available have been far from adequate
E) they often give more generously than the rich

21- He didn't settle into the new job ........... .

A) which problems could have been avoided
B) if they had offered a higher salary
C) whether he was experienced or not
D) unless he had to work occasionally on a Sunday
E) as quickly as he had expected to

22- Faxing is a means of telecommunications, ........... .

A) that worked on a system similar to the telephone system
B) which has developed very quickly over the past few years
C) therefore charges will vary according to the time of the day
D) unless companies were using it in place of telex machines
E) whether or not you state the name of the receiver

23- ..........., manufacturers could bring down the prices of their products.

A) In spite of careful market research
B) As companies misjudge the market
C) Knowing how much the public was prepared to pay
D) Instead of spending so much money on advertising
E) Not only must you supply a good product

24- ........... even though the quality of the goods is rather poor.

A) They had left obliged to vote on it
B) The effectiveness of the campaign had been prevented
C) In my opinion, it was already too late
D) Buyers could not have been found
E) His business is expanding quite fast


25- Bu sure to make a note of his telephone number ............ .

A) if ever they decide to write to us
B) so that we can let him know when we are arriving
C) which had probably been changed anyhow
D) that will explain where he can get the car serviced
E) as soon as we know where we will be staying

26- It is well known ......... .

A) as mothers ought to be more patient with their children
B) so you would save a great deal of money
C) that the heating of most foods causes losses in the vitamin content
D) if several friends will help me paint my house
E) because Mark is so stubborn that it is useless to try to convince him

27- ............. was even more boring than that had come before.

A) What came after the break
B) Whoever decided to change the meeting place
C) When she'd complete the task she was given
D) The fact that no one was expected to resign
E) Whether they had been asked to conceal the secret

28- After Muhammed Ali had won a gold medal in the Olympics, ............ .

A) he turned professional
B) the newspapers aren’t aware of it
C) there will be other fights in Europe
D) he’d claim to be the best in the world
E) he is still well-known

29- ............ if the government had given priority to the problem of pollution.

A) Meteorologists are extremely worried
B) As far as the research centre is concerned
C) It would have been better
D) A group of ecologists have complained
E) Urbanisation is under attack

30- ............. wasn't explained.

A) When would the ministers of the newly-found cabinet convene again
B) Whether he will be living there for a certain while
C) Since when he has been working for the rival firm
D) Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly
E) If the alternative method would work or not


31- Since the price of land is rising rapidly, ............ .

A) you have been lucky to find something at that price
B) he would have drawn all his money from the bank
C) the method of advertising would have been changed
D) there was no need to express your views so strongly
E) this land is not suitable for growing trees of any kind

32- ..........., particularly if there has been an accident.

A) By 5 o'clock the car will be ready to collect
B) Fortunately, most traffic signs are now international
C) You should have got in touch with your insurance company
D) It is wise to study a plan of the communications system
E) Punishments for drunken driving can be severe

33- ............ because they help to prepare the student for the final examination.

A) A dictionary is a reliable guide to pronunciation
B) Examinations given during the term are useful
C) The competent composition teacher realised
D) Surely you understood the importance of being able to speak and write effectively
E) None of them was adequately prepared

34- ..........., the more you realise how complicated it is.

A) The more you think about the problem
B) The less importance you give to your health
C) The more remarkable his achievement was
D) The longer it was taken them to complete the dam
E) The fewer the people who are involved

35- ........... but also there will be fringe benefits.

A) The bank had employed some new staff
B) He could have excellent working conditions
C) Not only has the bank offered him a high salary
D) We were very impressed by his performance
E) They could have interviewed more people

36- ............ that estimating future manpower requirements is definitely desirable.

A) From the forgoing discussion it is obvious
B) We were extremely concerned
C) The manager is wondering
D) It had been under discussion for a long time
E) The committee was asked


37- Isn't that the man ............?

A) which is responsible for the design of the botanical gardens
B) that he lost his temper at the board meeting
C) who have just returned from a business conference in Cairo
D) if he knew how to negotiate such delicate matters
E) whose son has won a scholarship to pursue his graduate studies in the United States

38- Don't you think it is significant ............ ?

A) in case so many people would have marched in protest
B) if the resolution had been passed
C) how quickly they had cancelled all the flights
D) whether they were re-elected
E) that 26 people have resigned since Mr. Fairfax was appointed manager

39- I am reading an article on maritime law ............ .

A) which has caused so much controversy
B) if I can find it
C) while it was highly recommended
D) that I can’t explain it
E) so that you lend it to me

40- I wished I hadn't given him a job in the firm ............ .

A) although he is less efficient than I once assumed
B) unless he makes a big effort to prove he can be useful
C) wherever a suitable vacancy may occur
D) that my father was a founding member
E) when I saw him behaving in such a irresponsible manner

41- Alec must have taken my car ............ .

A) since no one else knows where I keep the car keys
B) that I left it in front of the office
C) if we have arranged to meet at the dentist's
D) since he would never do such a thing
E) as soon as I get back from the concert

42- When I’ve completed packing, ................ .

A) I needn’t have hired a taxi and paid such a high fare
B) I would rather call a taxi than give him any inconvenience
C) my brother gave me a lift to the airport
D) they've been trying to find the quickest way to the station
E) all the others were waiting for me in the hotel lobby


43- Wouldn't it be advisable to seek a second opinion ............ ?

A) as events were to prove in the end
B) if the operation had to take place
C) that it was legally sound
D) before we come to any definite decision
E) why there were no obvious problems

44- The new American administration is still hesitating about ............ .

A) who would have presided over the Senate
B) why so many new taxes had been imposed
C) whether to increase expenditure on education
D) how the problem of famine in Asia had been overcome
E) which programme had been approved by the committee

45- Unless the northern part of the country gets some rain soon, ............ .

A) they were considering reducing supplies even further
B) cotton would not have been a suitable crop for the area
C) they have already started to irrigate the rice fields
D) it seems that the new dam is not very efficient
E) there'll be a poor fruit harvest this year

46- Let’s allow the students a break in the middle of each term ............ .

A) unless they ask for it
B) if the courses were being revised
C) however beneficial this could have proved
D) as it was hoped they would come back refreshed
E) as this will, certainly, improve efficiency

47- Even though there were a great many applicants for the vacancy, ............ .

A) not one of them had the qualifications required
B) actually the salary is expected to improve
C) the new recruits will be put on a three-week special training programme
D) unfortunately some of the staff had already resigned
E) the personnel department cannot cope with the paper work

48- ............ which has a fairly central situation.

A) They seemed interested in both houses
B) We really need a hotel
C) I arrived late for the meeting
D) It should have been easy to get there
E) His mother decided to come by car

49- ............ that the case was far more complicated than he had originally thought.

A) According to the lawyer, much is involved
B) The witnesses were called in
C) As the police had reported
D) Following the uproar caused by the press coverage
E) In the light of the new evidence, the judge realised

50- The management introduced a number of measures ........... .

A) unless union leaders had started calling for strike action
B) how morale within the company could be improved
C) if they wanted to economise without causing any hardship
D) so that they might survive the depression without too much loss
E) that has brought about great discontent amongst the workforce

51- The messenger will leave for his destination ............. .

A) who is regarded as far more reliable than the rest of the staff.
B) as soon as he's received his orders
C) provided the traffic wasn't too heavy in that district
D) which was securely sealed and marked "fragile"
E) by the time all documents are ready

52- We have certainly tried every imaginable way of persuasion .......... .

A) since she decided to quit her education
B) but it hadn't made any difference
C) because there was really nothing we could say
D) so that he tried a little harder
E) then she will feel we don't encourage her

53- Domestic life is being greatly influenced ......... .

A) when electrical appliances were introduced
B) and therefore the changes seemed to be both irreversible and inevitable
C) as new materials are rapidly becoming available
D) however, this couldn't have continued for much longer
E) because she is more likely to go out to work

54- He will soon realise that the longer he continues to show off, ........... .

A) the more modest he will appear
B) it won't make a good impression
C) the more friends he lost
D) many people will lose interest
E) the less popular he will become


55- Accidents will continue to occur .......... .

A) though it hasn't passed most of the safety tests
B) when the number of fatalities became too unacceptable
C) even if he hadn't driven so precariously
D) due to the success of the new procedures
E) if we don't take active precautions

56- ............, the volume of traffic will have risen above its capacity.

A) Owing to the congestion in the centre of town
B) By the time the new road is completed
C) We'd be better off going by the country roads than on the motorway
D) Because the bridge is not wide enough to cope with so many vehicles
E) Despite plans to divert lorries round the outskirts

57- The construction of the factory will start ........... .

A) although the survey has proved the land to be suitable
B) because local residents have campaigned against it
C) when the finances were no longer available
D) if the company had made enough money to expand
E) as soon as the planning application is approved

58- Be sure to have plenty of spare sticks nearby ............ .

A) in case the camp fire starts to go out
B) though they'd probably be necessary to use
C) they are, on the other hand, difficult to convey
D) due to the fact that the roof fell apart
E) but you forgot to bring a sufficient amount

59- ..........., a hawk can see small animals such as mice from a great height.

A) Despite its flying capability
B) In contrast to their need for food
C) Due to being hunted as a prize bird
D) Regardless of how well it looks
E) Owing to its exceptional vision

60- You must pass both a practical and a written exam ........... .

A) but you have always been the first to come out of the hall
B) as if you need to do more revision
C) for fear of loosing time in the exam
D) in order to qualify for a driving licence
E) accordingly, the examiner asked to see your identification card


61- The threat of flood increases ............... .

A) and the dam wouldn't be enough to hold back the waters
B) as the global temperature and sea levels rise
C) thus, the fields have been under water for many years now
D) for the rains had been unusually heavy that year
E) but the inhabitants were well prepared for such a catastrophe

62- Nobody had been able to persuade him ............... .

A) how substantial can it be to relax after a stressful day
B) that it has been necessary for him to give up alcohol altogether
C) why his cough is primarily caused by his habit of smoking
D) not to take up such a vigorous sport in his weakened condition
E) about the harm such a limited diet may cause to his health

63- You’ll hardly recognise our office .............. .

A) when it has been redecorated and equipped with the latest machinery
B) in case you have only been there once previously
C) if you had visited several years ago
D) after so many new members of staff were being recruited
E) on condition that it stays the same under the new management

64- Their dislike for each other was so great ......... .

A) that they would not even stay in the same room for a few minutes
B) though everybody believes that there is no reason for that feeling
C) that each one is always trying to hurt the other in any way he can
D) as they've known each other since they were small children
E) to make it conceivable for both of them to take part in any event together

65- If he had read the document very carefully, ........... .

A) it's not possible to overlook any mistakes
B) because it concerned an direly important matter
C) he was, in fact, not very eager to do it
D) it might take long and could be difficult to understand
E) he wouldn't have missed the crucial error

66- Are you sure he will treat us kindly ........... ?

A) even if we got there more than an hour late
B) whose patience might have run out by then
C) after all this harassment we have caused him
D) whereas I wouldn't feel as confident as you
E) if we hadn't delayed paying him the rent


67- Grandpa has been feeling much better ........... .

A) ever since the doctor put him onto a different type of medication
B) so that he was allowed to sit up and read for a short time everyday
C) when all his friends and relatives came to visit him in hospital
D) until his illness recurred in a more serious form
E) just after he had received proper hospital treatment

68- ......... in order not to have any difficulty finding one on the day she was due to leave.

A) We had booked a seat on the train for our daughter well in advance
B) A lot of money has been spent on Julia's education abroad
C) Nothing could have surprised me so much as my sister's return
D) She is refusing to share the room with her brother any longer
E) Maggie should have rehearsed her speech diligently

69- ......... even though the road was rough and had sharp bends in parts.

A) Surprisingly, traffic accidents were still not rare
B) I don't understand how you insist on exceeding the speed limit
C) There have always been drivers who violate the traffic rules
D) The coach driver kept on driving very fast
E) The journey lasted two hours longer than expected

70- Some people are so allergic to food additives ........... .

A) as they've had to start making all their food themselves
B) since they develop rashes and breathing problems when they eat them
C) when they are present in a wide variety of products
D) than their not being able to eat many foods that we consider harmless
E) they have to inspect the ingredients label of everything they eat

71- ..........., too much of it can actually be equally damaging.

A) However careful people are about not eating fatty foods
B) Despite the risks in consuming excessive amounts of alcohol
C) Because people tend to be less nimble these days
D) Unless you diet contains too few essential nutrients
E) Although not taking enough exercise may lead to obesity

72- Many people fell gravely ill after the picnic ......... .

A) although the ladder had just been repaired
B) so one person ended up getting really sick
C) because of the undercooked hamburgers
D) despite the large crowds that had gathered
E) some of which were declared to be irreparable


73- ..........., most of those in the Southern Hemisphere continue to get poorer.

A) While many countries in the Northern Hemisphere are getting richer all the time
B) In spite of rapidly growing population, unreliable weather, and poor infrastructure
C) Even if more than 65 percent of all the land area of the Earth lies in the Northern Hemisphere
D) Since there is such an effectual method of family planning
E) Some of the nations of the former Soviet Union are experiencing severe economic difficulties

74- .........., despite having been caught with the money in his car.

A) Two men entered the bank with loaded pistols
B) The robber admitted that he'd stolen millions
C) The thief claimed he hadn't robbed the bank
D) Nobody ever found the missing money
E) The surgeon was stopped by the traffic police

75- As it will soon be too hot to work very hard, ........... .

A) the temperatures are sometimes over forty degrees
B) many people are starting to look forward to their summer vacations
C) I took my holiday in the mountains where it was cooler last year
D) travel agents had come up with a lot of new destinations that year
E) and every office building should have air-conditioning

76- I'm sure there will be no bus or train tickets left ........... .

A) if you hadn't made the reservations in time
B) there will probably be no hotel rooms
C) considering that not many people truly want to go there
D) so we still have plenty of time to make our plans
E) by the time we get around to making our reservations

77- ..........., few people seem to understand the basic issues.

A) In spite of the remarkable ignorance shown by the majority of the population
B) Owing to the attention the trial is attracting world-wide
C) Since I'm quite worried about what will happen in the upcoming elections
D) Even though the trial has dominated the news for weeks now
E) As there was widespread rabidity during South Africa's first free elections four years ago

78- .............., he noticed that it contained the very information he needed for his assignment.

A) When he was idly browsing through the weekend newspapers
B) Before he had been to the city library
C) After he's borrowed his friend's encyclopædia
D) As soon as the documentary on TV starts
E) While looking briskly through the book


79- Since we'd forgotten to order a newspaper, .............. .

A) the newsagent has sent one daily
B) the television is sometimes just as informative
C) I won't be able to check the football results
D) we didn't expect to have one delivered
E) someone would have gone to the shop

80- .............., altering trade policy was a top priority.

A) By the time the international market has opened up sufficiently
B) Unless there had been a marked improvement in sales
C) When the government began its economic reform process
D) If the recession continued to increase at its prevailing rate
E) As soon as currency levels started to fall again

81- Being the only person who's drunk very little alcohol, ............ .

A) everyone around him appears to be extremely drunk
B) he's obliged to take charge of driving back home
C) the room was spinning and his head was thumping
D) he can't recollect exactly how he got home
E) the party makes him feel somewhat uncomfortable

82- It isn't easy at all to decide .............. .

A) whether to yield to his wish or try to cajole him to change his mind
B) that the best opinion was to take the position which actually offered less money
C) what he's doing is in everybody's best interest in the long run
D) how ought she to spend the money given to her by her grandparents
E) doing what someone else wants rather than what you, yourself, would choose

83- .............., but I had no suspicion of the unexpected difficulties I'd come up against.

A) At the outset everything seems very straightforward
B) I have looked carefully at the plan and tried to anticipate any problems
C) Having worked meticulously in order to get everything perfect
D) I had certainly thought I was attempting a strenuous task
E) Nothing that went wrong surprised me in the least

84- Despite remarkable economic achievements in the country, ............. .

A) the rate of inflation has fallen dramatically
B) companies now feel that the outlook is far brighter
C) there has been a series of political and social difficulties in recent months
D) many consumers have the confidence to start spending again
E) unemployment is becoming much less of a worry


85- His anxiety grew bigger .............. .

A) for he's seen that the solutions are beyond his capabilities
B) as he realised how little his chance of getting the job was
C) and he'd hoped to be able to settle things quickly
D) although there was no possibility to improve the situation
E) having heard the news through a close friend

86- .............., it's advisable to do some market research before taking any steps.

A) Unless you were an accomplished executive
B) Providing that you have painstakingly analysed all aspects of the plan
C) Before you bought the appliance you saw first
D) If you have decided to invest in a new business
E) When there was a possibility that prices might vary greatly

87- Learning to write is a gradual process ........... .

A) where some mastery at one level is necessary before the student proceeds to the next level
B) simply using a different alphabet can take a great deal of time and effort
C) by which rapid progress can be made and immediate results achieved
D) first form the letters, then words and sentences and ultimately whole paragraphs
E) teachers often don't give it enough consideration nor allow time to practice

88- Immediately the news of the accident reached the hospital, ............ .

A) ambulances began to leave for the spot one after another
B) extra doctors and nurses are brought into the casualty ward
C) the newspapers and TV have got hold of the story
D) the emergency services had been brought to the scene
E) a bystander was sent for a couple of ambulances from the hospital

89- ..........., he seems quite flabbergasted to hear people complaining about it.

A) When he hadn't found anything wrong with the service
B) Because the delay to the train didn't bother him at all
C) As he himself has never felt any ill effects after flying
D) Since he considers the alterations to the department an improvement
E) Whereas the conditions have never been acceptable

90- ..........., please tell me whether I passed or failed; don’t keep me in suspense.

A) If you have seen the marks posted
B) Suppose that our professor has decided to cancel the announcement of the exam results
C) If you had requested my father to let me go out
D) No matter what my mark was in the biology exam
E) If only I had been too zealous to procrastinate my studies


91- ............, he started making house calls to help his ailing neighbours.

A) By the time his mental situation started aggravating
B) Just as his doctor was about to let him leave the hospital he had been in for ages
C) What made everything worse when he was freed from the prison
D) When illness confined him to the home he shares with his wife in the countryside
E) Although he is not as ill as most of his friends imagined earlier

92- We are fast approaching a point .............. .

A) where we will no longer be able to rectify the damage thrust upon the Earth
B) when a life form becomes extinct, a hole appears in the massive foundation of the Earth
C) when we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe
D) if we do want to preserve diversity of the plants and animals existing on the Earth
E) that I cannot think of a greater tragedy than a planet inhabited by only a few species.

93- This concept would have been easy to illustrate and defend .............. .

A) however much time they can allow us.
B) so long as they had provided us with adequate assistance
C) since there was a great deal of disagreement among the participants
D) if it weren't for the fact that they haven't got accurate data
E) until the whole controversy has been ended.

94- ........... provided an excellent opportunity for enforcing a no-smoking rule.

A) When some of the kids in the kindergarten were taken to hospital due to poisoning
B) The outbreak of the mechanical faults because of smoke in the metro
C) That nobody can smoke in the public transportation, such as busses
D) The sign on the wall of the classroom reads that smoking
E) New generation being more conscious of being damaged by the effects of smoking

95- After the insurance company agreed to meet our claim in full as they promised, ......... .

A) they needn't have talked to us so angrily
B) I shouldn't have gone there by myself
C) we didn't need to take the case to court
D) the manager of the company couldn't have accepted our demand
E) the youngest one must not have liked being called many times a day

96- Smallpox vaccination became widespread ......... .

A) that eventually this disease would have been completely wiped out
B) even though the success rate according to recent realistic, is still rather doubtful
C) even if it had not been a fatal disease that brought death to all levels of society
D) however unlikely one is to come in contact with the disease
E) only after Jenner's discovery that the less dangerous cowpox material was an effective immunising agent

97- I would be extremely grateful .............. .

A) whether your services are available in this part of the city
B) if you persuaded your father to lend his car to me for a couple of days
C) unless you let me know when the exam dates are due
D) no matter where you decide to go for your holiday
E) until most of the staff volunteered to work overtime

98- ......... was his counsellor, who always advised him to be sensible.

A) To make matters worse, he gave up attending the classes
B) The person who was trying to convince him to stop thinking of leaving his school
C) Up until the start of the conflict, those taken into protective custody
D) The present controversy between the man and his son begets sorrow to the other members of the family
E) Our headmaster had no sooner started his speech about the dangers of smoking

99- ............. remains to be seen.

A) Whatever the results of your relentless efforts to pass the big exam
B) Those whose encouraging words made me take the decision of my life
C) When shall we be ready to make changes in the governing body of our firm
D) If they should be able to get what they have been wishing for ages
E) Whether the minister will step down after the fraud rumours

100- With the fog rolling and visibility approaching zero, ............. .

A) the coach was going faster than it was last week.
B) the boy on his bike didn't mind his father's reproaching him
C) I had never been frightened so much while getting on the train
D) it was virtually impossible for planes to land
E) the lorry driver knew that it was too nice a day for a long drive

101- ......., I could have made a duplicate of my history notes for my friend who was absent.

A) Only if I were guaranteed to pass
B) Difficult as it may appear
C) If only I had had carbon paper
D) Strained relations will get better and better
E) While he was known as a Jack of all trades

102- ............, yet he had to enrol at one to satisfy his parents' wishes.

A) What he wanted to do most was travel round the world
B) He was not particularly keen on attending the regular family reunions
C) He was not at all interested in going to college
D) All of his acquaintances had advised him to buy a smaller model
E) He didn't care what people say about him

103- No one knows precisely ................. .

A) that the leading causes of the famine in African countries will ever be eradicated
B) when will the opposition join to the session in the parliament
C) how many days can a person live without eating and drinking anything
D) whether the president will volunteer to accept the idea of changing the retirement age
E) if there wasn't someone to inform the press about the plot

104- My brother must have tidied my study room, ............ .

A) that I always study there to prepare my projects
B) the moment he arrives home from his school
C) for nobody else knows where to put all my books and files
D) had I not requested him to help me
E) by the time my mother finished preparing the supper

105- Recent studies by psychologists show ............ .

A) how much living space a person needs
B) whether news article makes some good observation about our culture
C) most Americans are middle-of-the-roaders , according to that survey
D) a total eclipse of the moon will occur two years from now
E) posture is the indicative of a person's attitude towards the people s/he is with

106- ................ so that we can learn from them.

A) It is in books that we can find out about our past mistakes and triumphs
B) Books help us understand not only other people but also ourselves
C) We all should read more than we do
D) Books can teach us how other people think and help us understand one another better
E) Unless stricter hunting laws are introduced, these birds will soon be extinct

107- .............., such a prohibitive policy is apt to cause recession shortly.

A) Should the monetary situation have deteriorated
B) As soon as the new managing director took up his position
C) In case the receipts turned out to be forgeries
D) As far as the long-term interests of the firm are concerned
E) Just as the world economy that has been picking up

108- When people persevere in their efforts to find work, and no work is found, ........ .

A) after a year of unemployment, another serious problem spread among them
B) their personalities can be dramatically transformed
C) people having abstained from alcohol for their entire lives
D) statistics show that there are more unemployed women than men
E) something they might never have even thought about while working


109- ............., it usually takes much longer to become fluent in it.

A) Since most languages have evolved through a series of changes
B) Because the origins of the English language go back to another language, Indo-European
C) In view of the simplicity of Esperanto, an artificial language created by Ludwig Zamenhof
D) Considering that the grammar of a second language can be learnt in quite a short time
E) In spite of the fact that Esperanto has never been accepted as an official world language

110- The European Union should keep its door open to Turkey's membership ............... .

A) because they think about how they can come to terms with those who cause nothing but trouble
B) if they do so peacefully without disturbing anyone there
C) had they not insisted on hanging him instead of sentencing him for a good many years
D) as it expanded its market so that it now includes areas in Africa and Far East as well as Europe
E) should the country meet the tests of economic and political freedom

111- ................ to allow more time for the defence to prepare.

A) As the judge was closing the session going on for two hours
B) As a result of our long-lasting appeal, it has been decided that we can call in new witnesses
C) The trial of the two Lockerbie suspects in the Netherlands has been postponed till February
D) The good manners of the criminal has affected the court who have decided to reduce his sentence
E) Had the new law bill been accepted, he'd have been freed from the prison

112- She didn't agree with the proposal that a new building should be bought, ................ .

A) nor did she suggest a different solution to the problem
B) even if we didn't try hard to make her accept it
C) no matter what you have said to calm her down
D) she said she wouldn't support any side in the dispute, though
E) but she also got us to believe her ideas

113- Asked on a visit to Turkey what he thought of rumours that he was deadly ill, ............. .

A) his answer was so sarcastic that the reporter regretted opening his mouth
B) it has been found that he deceived every one of us
C) the famous singer replied that he had never felt as well as he was feeling then
D) although he didn't say a thing against the claims
E) the president was promptly taken to the hospital

114- Only when the hijackers threatened to shoot some of the passengers .................. .

A) the control tower let the pilot land the plane
B) did the pilot agree to change the route
C) one of them attempted to kill their leader in vain
D) would it be possible to persuade them to free the passengers
E) the police began to think to give it a try

115- I cannot repair the washing machine on my own, .................... .

A) unless you had offered to help me
B) if I know what the problem is
C) that has been out of order for a few weeks
D) if you haven't managed to
E) hence I will get somebody to do it for me

116- ............., so don't wear anything too outrageous.

A) They had already mentioned about the ceremony
B) I'm sure you won't want to be overlooked
C) To me, they are holding this party for your sake
D) I should imagine it will be a fairly sober party
E) Were I in your shoes, I wouldn't go there

117- ............, causing it to continue into the busy summer season.

A) Heavy rain hampered the work on the motorway
B) Holiday-makers usually waste a lot of time going to and from their destinations
C) The teacher had given too many assignments for the students to do
D) The restoration of the hotel is planned to be completed in spring
E) The labourers are working on a huge construction

118- .................., but they have modified it a great deal over the past few weeks.

A) The government is battling to bring the economy under control
B) They were so effective that we explained a little about the project
C) Hair has been a symbol of attractiveness in women
D) They thought that their original plan was a good one
E) My parents use strange ways to get rid of the rats in our attic

119- ..................., when several in their party died.

A) Most of the residents in the city didn't want to believe in the predictions
B) As far as we learned from the press, there were less than a hundred passenger in the plane
C) The worst winter of all for the settlers at Jamestown was that of 1607
D) If I had felt like joining you, I wouldn't be dressed in this way now
E) After travelling extensively throughout the world, she finally settled in a small town

120- Having almost run out of money, ......................... .

A) we were reduced to staying at a cheap hotel
B) their baby daughter needs to be cared far more generously
C) none of us had thought of being broke so early
D) there was no way we would be able to complete our holiday
E) she has decided to save some at her bank account


121- Although she was confined to her home during the three months of her illness, ............. .

A) she had almost been given the sack by the company
B) it seemed absolutely certain that she’d fail the final exams
C) they’ve been trying hard to enable her to walk without crutches
D) she is still under the influence of the tranquillisers she has been given since
E) she kept up her studies and graduated with her class

122- A very old man may write an inaccurate autobiography .............. .

A) as his memories were somewhat hidden, as if buried under the snow
B) however hectic his life may have been when young
C) because he tends to embellish imaginatively his account of distant events
D) as long as his past deeds are still vividly in his mind
E) unless his memory has been deeply harmed by the sufferings of his life

123- ................, and the result was widespread unemployment.

A) A severe drought was predicted, which would affect the whole country
B) The country was plagued by the inadequate production facilities
C) They've just implemented a new taxation system on certain products
D) The idea of devaluation of our currency has been discussed widely for a number of years
E) The country will restart maize exports, which were suspended last year, to rebuild stocks

124- The mayor refused to comment on the uprising .............. .

A) before he’s learnt in detail what happened in the region
B) so that he'd keep the number of the deaths during it secret
C) as if he's trying to conceal some facts from the public
D) until he had studied the reports by his officials
E) if it had been obvious that he knew very little about the case

125- ................ when the police took action to break up the demonstration.

A) More and more demonstrators are now crowding into the area
B) The uncontrollable crowd seem to be marching to the city centre
C) The rioters have formed a chain around the furious crowd
D) The media was to blame for printing provocative headlines, thereby causing the riot
E) The crowd began to disperse rapidly in all directions

126- Despite a partial recovery in the quality of its product recently, ............ .

A) the raw material they use in the factory hasn't yet become abundant
B) the firm’s efficacy is increasing at a fantastic speed
C) customers have always been attracted by the company’s way of treating them
D) the wholesalers were pleased at doing business with such a decent company
E) the firm is still far from the expected standard


127- The moment she noticed the tense atmosphere in the office, ............ .

A) she tried to dispel it by telling some jokes
B) she never fails to cheer everyone up with her enchanting stories
C) they wouldn't even realise when she came in
D) her tender manner had always helped to soften the situation
E) she isn't aware of the fact that it was all her fault

128- ......., it has to export manufactured goods in exchange for imported agricultural products.

A) Because favourable seasonal conditions are available in our country
B) When, in a country, farmers cannot be persuaded to use the latest the technology
C) Although most of the country is mountainous and it lacks enough land for cultivation
D) If a country is highly industrialised but has little arable land
E) In a country where the two sectors, industry and agriculture, only one is neglected

129- ........, he should choose a topic which will hold his interest.

A) When a student has good study habits and can stick to a schedule
B) Not only does a student have to pay attention to whether the subject is suitable for research
C) Since a student is to do a large amount of reading before writing his research paper
D) No matter how engaging for a student a subject may be
E) Because a student can use library books to look up available sources of information

130- ........., but from then on the rate increases steadily.

A) Research has shown that about 30 percent of lung cancer is associated with atmospheric contamination
B) Each year about 16,000 men and 3,000 women die from cancer of the lung
C) It is surprising that the rate of deaths from cancer among women is increasing even faster than among men
D) Women clearly suffer less than men from lung cancer because they smoke less
E) Lung cancer is not an important cause of death before the age of thirty-five

131- ............, cracking jokes and telling stories.

A) Generally, adult swans are more elegant and graceful than small goslings
B) He spent most of his life secluded in his father’s home
C) The villages disappeared as the army advanced with tanks
D) The young man spoke affably throughout the night
E) The majority of the newcomers to Hollywood end up doing mundane tasks

132- ............, as long as it's out of the wind’s path.

A) This material is often used for making heavy curtains
B) Too much stress can cause sleeplessness, depression, and lack of appetite
C) Evidence suggests that exposures to pesticides damage the immune system
D) Almost any garden setting is ideal for an aviary
E) It was by far his worst performance since he started his career
133- ............, for without them we would be isolated within the family unit.

A) We shouldn't be too zealous to break away from our roots
B) The desire for independence indicates our increasing maturity
C) Friends are a basic need in our lives
D) External pressures push us back to the security of our homes
E) Companionship must be sought in many circles

134- Advertisements directed towards children are usually more effective, ........... .

A) due to the greater spending power of this section of the population
B) although they are clear and easily understood and get their message across
C) for it is at this time of the day that there are the most viewers
D) however, they are more likely to believe everything they see or read
E) as they are easily prompted to persuade the parents to purchase certain products

135- The new regulations in the office didn’t prove to be so convenient ......... .

A) that virtually all of the staff complied with them immediately
B) they were immediately dropped and the older ones reinstated
C) because they had been meticulously thought out and tested
D) as the manager considered them to be when devising them
E) when they hadn’t yet been put into practice

136- Living in this coastal town for many years, ............... .

A) the fishing boats and their skippers were well known to him
B) his face is similar to the tourists who come year after year
C) they are finding it hard to understand the locals’ dependence on the sea
D) his pleasure drawn from the beauty of the area had never diminished
E) he knows closely the turns of the tide and treachery of the sea

137- ................., yet each has failed to find out what her trouble is.

A) She had discussed the problem with everyone she knew
B) She has been to three medical centres for consultations
C) The mechanic looked the car over thoroughly
D) The psychologists couldn't reach any agreement about her
E) Both parents have spoken to the teacher about their son’s behaviour

138- Impressed with the third applicant’s qualifications, ............... .

A) the decision about whom to choose has been made much easier
B) she didn't have the experience to back them up
C) the others all had equally good qualities
D) the job offer was forthwith put into writing
E) the manager didn't continue with other interviews


139- As well as being an easily-stored and nutritiously-balanced food staple, .............. .

A) bacteria can easily germinate in dairy products
B) grain crops adapt to virtually any growing climate and season
C) the revenue from milk enabled the farmer to expand
D) but also thousands of people simply enjoy the taste
E) junk food has brought about a vitamin insufficiency in many adolescents

140- In order not to fall behind the world-wide competition, ................ .

A) the domestic market was seen as a safer bet
B) the event is made much too difficult for most to enter
C) the company found itself under the coercion of bankruptcy
D) wealthy nations deprive poorer ones of talented people
E) there is no necessity to expand any further


141- ......... I don’t think it will be able hold off an attack of the rebels.

A) As the war in Bosnia is drawing to its close
B) Until more troops were mobilised
C) Wherever there are skirmishes along the frontier since our allies had promised more reinforcements
D) Since our allies had promised more reinforcements
E) Unless the peace keeping force gets adequate reinforcements

142- .............., we will not stray from the basic policies that our party has always upheld.

A) When the polling, which had been heavy, was over
B) Although we are bitterly disappointed at the outcome of the recent elections
C) Which ever party got the majority of the votes
D) Even if he had a landslide victory
E) Since the result of the elections came in so slowly

143- ............... the judge would almost certainly have been more lenient towards him.

A) Despite the fact that he forget the little indeed
B) If only we could bride one of the witnesses
C) Had he admitted his part in the affair from the start
D) While our lawyer was negotiating the terms of settlement with their lawyer
E) Because the legal procedures make this unavoidable

144- ............ that the government will have to change its mind.

A) Should the monetary situation have deteriorated
B) In case the receipts turned out to be forgeries
C) Just as the world economy was picking up
D) In my opinion, there will be such a reaction to the new measures
E) As far as the long term interests of the company are concerned
145- .............. that most of the evidence submitted by the plaintiff could not be sustained.

A) In his appraisal of the case the lawyer reminded us
B) As was expected, the witnesses were brought into the courtroom
C) The judge himself has been accused
D) The trial has lasted long enough
E) The final verdict has still to be given

146- So long as certain countries continue to shelter terrorists ................. .

A) the hope of preserving international security was sheltered
B) the United Nations should have taken suitable action against them
C) the government had taken the matter to the Helsinki Conference
D) the changes of eradicating terrorism unfortunately remain silent
E) their aims would have been publicly condemned throughout the West

147- However relentlessly they pursue this policy of austerity .................... .

A) we would be determined to withstand any political pressure
B) the country would have benefited from it enormously
C) the masses were deprived of the opportunity to improve their living conditions
D) the opposition had denounced it vehemently
E) they will never manage to put the economy onto a better footing

148- Even though the Security Council has imposed various sanctions on the country, ............ .

A) the other member countries were in principle opposed to them
B) most of the people had been forced to leave in dire distress
C) it doesn’t seem likely that they will have any effect at all
D) nothing good has ratified them at all, in view of the current situation
E) any of the member states is likely to interfere with their domestic affairs

149- ........ that treatment policies suitable for one age group may not be justified in another.

A) A controversy immediately arose
B) The article has considerable originality
C) A recent study into cholesterol levels suggests
D) They had fully convinced
E) The implications were not at first realised

150- Having tested the pleasures of modern city life, ............... .

A) some of them would have been reluctant to return
B) they had worked hard to improve their living standards
C) they found it hard to lead a new life in the country
D) people can't realise how lonely they are
E) the children will be educated and trained for a special job


151- Everyone who met him at that time agreed ................. .

A) how he's like his father
B) if his political views will ever get public support
C) that he was likely to become the most influential physicist of his age
D) he's the most talented physicist of his age
E) though he was not as healthy as he'd have liked to be

152- .............., I think students should have some previous knowledge of computers.

A) If it were an essential requirement for the participants
B) Whatever other requirements the organising committee of the course may demand
C) In case the director had approved the new computer project
D) Until the examination results were officially announced
E) Since the problem related to the computer virus was to be discussed

153- Though Paul was fired from his job without notice, ..... .
A) it didn't really seem to come as much of a surprise to him
B) few people think that he is going to lose his job there
C) he will be allowed to keep his job, and get a pay rise, too
D) his wife is afraid that he's going to be unemployed soon
E) he's actually been told about it by his boss several times
154- ......; therefore, divers must come to the surface slowly to avoid this.
A) Ascending from deep water rapidly causes nitrogen bubbles to form in the blood
B) There have been quite a few shark attacks around here lately
C) It was quite possible for oxygen tanks not to function properly during dives in deep water
D) At a depth of one hundred metres, it becomes hard to see what you are doing
E) More experienced divers understand the way scuba equipment works
155- In the 1960s, Japan was the source of numerous cheaply made plastic goods; .... .
A) so items stamped 'Made in Japan' sold for high prices in shops and markets
B) while the Chinese manufactured inferior products that sold for low prices
C) nowadays, however, it is known for producing high- technology equipment
D) thus, Toyota, Pentax and Sony have become major international brands
E) yet the country had been conquered by the Allies in the Second World War
156- ......, which isn't really a bear but a member of the same family of mammals as kangaroos.
A) The symbol of the World Wildlife Fund is the panda bear
B) The koala bear's diet consists solely of eucalyptus tree leaves
C) The platypus has a duck's bill, an otter's body and lays eggs
D) Kodiak Island, Alaska, is home to the world's largest bears
E) Australia is famous for its strange animals, such as kangaroos

157- ......, I suspect I will have been dead for at least a century.
A) While my great-grandfather lived to be well over 100
B) By the time people start living on the surface of the moon
C) The next total solar eclipse in Britain will occur in 2092
D) Doctors claim medicine may soon double the human lifespan
E) As I find it difficult to plan ahead as far as my retirement

158- Though polio has been practically wiped out, ................. .

A) there have been constant cases of the disease
B) no one has been reported to have caught it
C) it is no longer a threat for the newly-born babies
D) for the time being, few doctors can perform operations on patients suffering from it
E) it used to be a contagious illness killing hundreds of people

159- ..................., the country was desperately in need of improvement.

A) Having recovered from the latest fight between the two tribes
B) Having given their freedom that they had been expecting for ages
C) Invading everywhere that they passed while going to the battlefield
D) Surrounded by a wooden fence
E) Being expected to give more concessions to the minorities

160- ................, he had better start revising as soon as possible.

A) As we shall probably have to wait a long while at the station
B) Although it's getting rather late
C) Now that there is no need to hurry
D) Considering that the exams are due soon
E) Unless we knew which plane they were coming on

161- Neither the lawyers of the man nor his father ................. .

A) know that nothing will get the magistrate to believe him not to be guilty
B) have been wondering what the verdict on his killing his mother will be
C) thinks that the attempts made to prove him innocent offer them a glimmer hope
D) who wants to forgive him seeing that he is really penitent
E) when there had been nothing to do apart from waiting till the verdict was announced

162- ................, nobody in his neighbourhood was entirely convinced.

A) Having spent many hours trying to persuade them
B) Besides the mayor’s proposal to reconstruct the area
C) During the discussions to be held by local residents
D) After he’s told all the details of his plan
E) Although the evidence clearly proved his innocence


163- Since food became a major commodity for mass advertising, ............... .

A) it has had a tremendous influence on public choices of what to eat
B) imports being cheaper and more readily available
C) the average housewife had significantly changed her family’s diet
D) the supermarket chains grew more and more competitive
E) the packaging and look of it were nearly as important as the taste

164- ............., but others are content with a minimum performance.

A) The musicians stayed on stage for over three years
B) Some students go far beyond the requirements of the assignment
C) Our new car handles well and is very economical
D) Nobody has yet beaten my brother’s score on the computer game
E) The coach thinks that the team will play well tomorrow

165- There were such a lot of people that were unemployed ............. .

A) sooner or later, they would be able to get a job
B) whose families were expecting them to bring home something to eat
C) their hopes will vanish when they have heard the last decision of the government
D) as though they had earned millions of dollars per month
E) that the government decided to arrange an exam to decide whom to employ
166- The forecast is calling for heavy rain and low temperatures, ..... .
A) since they seem to be wrong most of the time anyway
B) since next weekend is the end of our summer holiday
C) so perhaps we'd better cancel our plans for a picnic
D) whereas I hadn't been too concerned about the weather
E) even though it may prove useful for farmers
167- ............ because students go in then at half price.

A) The museum is always crowded on Thursdays
B) The paintings will be on exhibition for two weeks
C) All the tickets had been sold at least a week before the concert took place
D) The spectators are expected to applaud generously
E) The gates used to be closed at sunset

168- ........... as household appliances freed them from many of the labour-intensive chores .

A) Most men agree that women can't do many jobs they themselves do easily
B) In the past, women were regarded as weaker in many respects than men
C) The economic conditions underlying women's inferior status changed
D) There was no explanation in the report about the fact that women live longer than men
E) Nobody expected her to be so popular at such an early age


169- So long as the architects’ plans are carried out in full, ............. .

A) the whole project could have been completed in just under three years
B) other suggestions have been turned down
C) the only problem has apparently been solved in a satisfactory manner
D) the distance between the airport and the city centre has attracted no criticism
E) the new airport will indeed provide everything a visitor cold possibly desire

170- The elderly gentleman sitting over there is an artist ........................ .

A) whose many articles about their commitment to the cause of human welfare and happiness in
Africa would be controversial
B) that he shares the vision of young people for a peaceful and prosperous world in the next
century
C) whose work has been exhibited widely in many countries in Europe
D) since his awards include gold and silver medals presented by various organisations
E) whereby he has unanimously been elected an honorary member of the Society of Modern Arts

171- He pointed out that the issue was simply ................... .

A) in case the surgery recommended was approved by the medical board
B) whether the surgical intervention was right for this particular patient
C) when the patient has been admitted for an emergency operation
D) to what extent the treatment recommended for this particular patient has been successful
E) why the medical board is expected to refuse his appointment

172- To increase productivity, it is essential that the workers receive further training .......... .

A) even if they had been gratified by wage increases
B) so that the factory had to undergo considerable reorganisation
C) in order to keep up with new developments in technology
D) whether they wanted it or not
E) unless the government lifts restrictions on imports in general
173- ............, so it failed because of the extreme cold on the morning of the launch.

A) She had missed the last days of term, during which the teacher helped the class revise
B) The equipment on the space shuttle was not designed to work at very low temperatures
C) It was a great shock for the team of scientists to watch their invention detonate in the sky
D) We advised Tom to have the car thoroughly serviced before he left for his holiday
E) Not having interest in mathematics, he decided to study literature at university

174- ............ whose genius was recognised in his own lifetime.

A) The great Turkish architect Sinan built many mosques
B) Sinan is one of the few architects
C) Sinan’s major works must be studied from various angles
D) Some of Sinan’s bridges were of strategic importance
E) Süleyman the Magnificent greatly respected Sinan and admired his works
175- The architect's clients had assumed that the construction of such a building was impracticable,........... .

A) because the ground it will stand on is strong enough to carry it
B) since he wouldn't be able to employ as many builders as he needed
C) if they hadn't insisted on having a skyscraper in the city centre
D) whereas the architect himself believed that it was perfectly feasible
E) no matter what the rest of the board thought

176- Since the spectators failed to grasp the joke the presenter told, ............ .

A) it was far funnier than they had imagined
B) all they can do is to pretend as if it were funny
C) there was a short silence before they began to applaud
D) all of them couldn't help laughing as soon as he finished it
E) they had never heard something as amusing as that one

177- ............ while the mother is there to provide security.

A) The child had reached school age
B) Most young children will confidently explore a strange environment
C) The children of a large family feel they have more advantages than those of smaller families.
D) Those children found it harder to make social contacts
E) The children liked to get away on their own

178- After taking a degree in archaeology, he went to the states ............ .

A) which is what he is still hoping to do
B) as he is being offered a two-year scholarship
C) when any further study there is out of the question
D) where he specialised in roman sculpture
E) unless he had been appointed a lecturer in his own department

179- Much as most learners find English spelling terribly complicated, ............